@article {2825,
	title = {Treebank of Learner English (TLE)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	abstract = {<p>The majority of the English text available worldwide is generated by non-native speakers. Learner language introduces a variety of challenges\&nbsp;and is of paramount importance for the scientific study of language acquisition as well as for Natural Language Processing. Despite the ubiquity of non-native English, there has been no publicly available syntactic treebank for English as a Second Language (ESL). To address this shortcoming, we released the Treebank of Learner English (TLE), a first of its kind resource for non-native English, containing 5,124 sentences manually annotated with Part of Speech (POS) tags and syntactic dependency trees. Full syntactic analyses are provided for both the original and error corrected versions of each sentence. We also introduced annotation guidelines that allow for consistent syntactic treatment of ungrammatical English. We envision the treebank to support a wide range of linguistic and computational research on language learning as well as automatic processing of ungrammatical language.</p>
},
	url = {http://esltreebank.org/},
	author = {Yevgeni Berzak and Jessica Kenney and Carolyn Spadine and Jing Xian Wang and Lucia Lam and Keiko Sophie Mori and Sebastian Garza and Boris Katz}
}
@article {2134,
	title = {Universal Dependencies for Learner English},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	abstract = {<p>We introduce the Treebank of Learner English (TLE), the first publicly available syntactic treebank for English as a Second Language (ESL). The TLE provides manually annotated POS tags and Universal Dependency (UD) trees for 5,124 sentences from the Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) corpus. The UD annotations are tied to a pre-existing error annotation of the FCE, whereby full syntactic analyses are provided for both the original and error corrected versions of each sentence. Further on, we delineate ESL annotation guidelines that allow for consistent syntactic treatment of ungrammatical English. Finally, we benchmark POS tagging and dependency parsing performance on the TLE dataset and measure the effect of grammatical errors on parsing accuracy. We envision the treebank to support a wide range of linguistic and computational research o n second language acquisition as well as automatic processing of ungrammatical language.</p>
},
	author = {Yevgeni Berzak and Jessica Kenney and Carolyn Spadine and Jing Xian Wang and Lucia Lam and Keiko Sophie Mori and Sebastian Garza and Boris Katz}
}
