@article {440,
	title = {Sensitivity to Timing and Order in Human Visual Cortex.},
	number = {005},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	abstract = {<p>Visual recognition takes a small fraction of a second and relies on the cascade of signals along the ventral visual stream. Given the rapid path through multiple processing steps between photoreceptors and higher visual areas, information must progress from stage to stage very quickly. This rapid progression of information suggests that fine temporal details of the neural response may be important to the how the brain encodes visual signals. We investigated how changes in the relative timing of incoming visual stimulation affect the representation of object information by recording intracranial field potentials along the human ventral visual stream while subjects recognized objects whose parts were presented with varying asynchrony. Visual responses along the ventral stream were sensitive to timing differences between parts as small as 17 ms. In particular, there was a strong dependency on the temporal order of stimulus presentation, even at short asynchronies. This sensitivity to the order of stimulus presentation provides evidence that the brain may use differences in relative timing as a means of representing information.</p>
},
	keywords = {Circuits for Intelligence, Pattern recognition, Visual},
	author = {Jedediah Singer and Joseph Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman}
}
@article {217,
	title = {Spatiotemporal Dynamics Underlying Object Completion in Human Ventral Visual Cortex},
	journal = {Neuron},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/06/2014},
	pages = {736 - 748},
	abstract = {<p>Natural vision often involves recognizing objects from partial information. Recognition of objects from parts presents a significant challenge for theories of vision because it requires spatial integration and extrapolation from prior knowledge. Here we recorded intracranial field potentials of 113 visually selective electrodes from epilepsy patients in response to whole and partial objects. Responses along the ventral visual stream, particularly the Inferior Occipital and Fusiform Gyri, remained selective despite showing only 9-25\% of the object areas. However, these visually selective signals emerged ~100 ms later for partial versus whole objects. These processing delays were particularly pronounced in higher visual areas within the ventral stream. This latency difference persisted when controlling for changes in contrast, signal amplitude, and the strength of selectivity. These results argue against a purely feed-forward explanation of recognition from partial information, and provide spatiotemporal constraints on theories of object recognition that involve recurrent processing.</p>
},
	keywords = {Circuits for Intelligence, vision},
	issn = {08966273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.017},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089662731400539Xhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S089662731400539X?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S089662731400539X?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Hanlin Tang and Buia, Calin and Radhika Madhavan and NE Crone and Joseph Madsen and WS Anderson and Gabriel Kreiman}
}
